Gwero: China Security World Network
Kuwunikira kwadzidzidzi kwamoto ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pomanga zida zotetezera moto ndi zowonjezera, kuphatikizapo kuyatsa kwadzidzidzi ndi zizindikiro zadzidzidzi zamoto, zomwe zimadziwikanso kuti kuyatsa kwadzidzidzi ndi zizindikiro zotulutsira moto.Ntchito yake yayikulu ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ogwira ntchito achotsedwa bwino, kulimbikira ntchito pamalo apadera komanso kumenyera moto ndi ntchito zopulumutsira pomwe njira yowunikira yanthawi zonse siyitha kuperekanso kuyatsa ngati moto.Chofunika kwambiri ndi chakuti anthu omwe ali m'nyumbayi amatha kuzindikira mosavuta malo otuluka mwadzidzidzi ndi njira yotulutsiramo yodziwika mothandizidwa ndi kuunika kwina mosasamala kanthu za gawo lililonse la anthu.
Chiwerengero chachikulu cha milandu yamoto chikuwonetsa kuti chifukwa cha kukhazikitsidwa kosayenera kwa malo opulumutsira anthu otetezeka kapena kusamutsidwa bwino m'nyumba za anthu, ogwira ntchito sangathe kupeza kapena kuzindikira komwe akutuluka mwadzidzidzi pamoto, chomwe ndi chimodzi mwazomwe zimayambitsa misa. imfa ndi kuvulala ngozi zamoto.Chifukwa chake, tiyenera kuyika kufunikira kwakukulu ngati nyali zadzidzidzi zamoto zitha kuchita nawo gawo lawo pamoto.Kuphatikizidwa ndi mchitidwe wazaka zambiri za ntchito komanso malinga ndi zomwe zili mu code yoteteza moto pamapangidwe a nyumba (GB50016-2006) (yomwe imatchedwa code yomanga), wolemba amalankhula za malingaliro ake pakugwiritsa ntchito magetsi oyaka moto m'nyumba.
1, Kukhazikitsa osiyanasiyana nyali zadzidzidzi zamoto.
Ndime 11.3.1 ya malamulo omanga imanena kuti magawo otsatirawa a nyumba zachitukuko, mafakitale ndi malo osungiramo katundu a gulu C kupatula nyumba zogona azikhala ndi nyali zoyatsira moto mwadzidzidzi:
1. Masitepe otsekedwa, masitepe oteteza utsi ndi chipinda chake chakutsogolo, chipinda chakutsogolo cha chipinda chokwera moto kapena chipinda chakutsogolo chogawana;
2. Chipinda chowongolera moto, chipinda chopopera moto, chipinda chopangira jenereta, chipinda chogawa mphamvu, chowongolera utsi ndi chipinda chotulutsa utsi ndi zipinda zina zomwe zimafunikirabe kugwira ntchito moyenera ngati moto utayaka;
3. Auditorium, holo yowonetsera, holo yamabizinesi, holo yamitundu yambiri ndi malo odyera okhala ndi malo omanga opitilira 400m2, ndi studio yokhala ndi malo omanga oposa 200m2;
4. Nyumba zapansi pa nthaka ndi zocheperako kapena zipinda zochitira anthu ambiri m'zipinda zapansi ndi zipinda zapansi zomwe zimamangidwa mopitilira 300m2;
5. Njira zopulumukira m'nyumba za anthu.
Ndime 11.3.4 ya malamulo omanga imanena kuti nyumba za anthu, malo okwera kwambiri (malo osungiramo zinthu) ndi malo osungiramo zinthu zamagulu A, B ndi C azikhala ndi zizindikiro zotulutsiramo zopepuka panjira zotulutsiramo ndi potuluka mwadzidzidzi komanso pamwamba pazitseko zotulutsiramo. malo okhala ndi anthu ambiri.
Ndime 11.3.5 ya malamulo omanga imanena kuti nyumba kapena malo otsatirawa azipatsidwa zizindikiro zotulutsirako zopepuka kapena zizindikiritso zotulutsirako zopepuka zomwe zitha kupitilirabe kuwoneka panjira zotulutsiramo komanso njira zazikulu zotulutsiramo:
1. Nyumba zowonetsera zokhala ndi malo omangira opitilira 8000m2;
2. Mashopu apamwamba okhala ndi malo omangira opitilira 5000m2;
3. Mashopu apansi panthaka ndi ocheperapo okhala ndi malo omangira opitilira 500m2;
4. Malo osangalatsa a nyimbo ndi kuvina, malo owonetsera ndi zosangalatsa;
5. Malo owonetsera mafilimu ndi zisudzo zokhala ndi mipando yopitilira 1500 ndi malo ochitirako masewera olimbitsa thupi, mabwalo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi kapena maholo okhala ndi mipando yopitilira 3000.
Khodi yomangayo imatchula kuyika kwa nyali zadzidzidzi ngati mutu wosiyana kuti ufotokoze mwatsatanetsatane.Poyerekeza ndi code yoyambirira ya kapangidwe ka nyumba zoteteza moto (gbj16-87), imakulitsa kwambiri kukula kwa nyali zadzidzidzi zadzidzidzi ndikuwunikira kuyika kovomerezeka kwa nyali zadzidzidzi.Mwachitsanzo, zikunenedwa kuti nyali zadzidzidzi zamoto ziyenera kuyikidwa m'malo odziwika a nyumba za anthu wamba (kupatula nyumba zogona) ndi nyumba (nyumba yosungiramo zinthu), nyumba zapagulu, malo okwera (nyumba yosungiramo zinthu) Kupatula kalasi D ndi E, njira zotulutsiramo, zotuluka mwadzidzidzi, zitseko zotulutsiramo ndi mbali zina zanyumbayo ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa ndi zizindikiritso zotulutsirako zopepuka, ndi nyumba zokhala ndi mulingo winawake monga nyumba zapagulu, mashopu apansi panthaka (semi mobisa) ndi malo osangalatsa a nyimbo ndi kuvina ndi zosangalatsa. zidzawonjezedwa ndi kuwala kwapansi kapena zizindikiro zotulutsirako zowala.
Komabe, pakali pano, mayunitsi ambiri amapangidwe samamvetsetsa mokwanira, amakhazikitsa muyezo mosasamala, ndikuchepetsa kapangidwe kake popanda chilolezo.Nthawi zambiri amangoyang'ana kapangidwe ka nyale zadzidzidzi zamoto m'malo okhala anthu ambiri komanso nyumba zazikulu za anthu.Kwa nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zambiri (malo osungiramo katundu) ndi nyumba za anthu wamba, nyali zadzidzidzi zamoto sizinapangidwe, makamaka zowonjezera zowunikira pansi kapena zizindikiro zotulutsirako zosungirako zowunikira, zomwe sizingakwaniritsidwe mosamalitsa.Iwo amaganiza kuti zilibe kanthu kaya aikidwa kapena ayi.Poyang'ana kapangidwe ka chitetezo chamoto, ogwira ntchito yomanga ndi kuwunikiranso mabungwe ena oyang'anira chitetezo chamoto adalephera kuwongolera bwino chifukwa cha kusamvetsetsana komanso kusiyana pakumvetsetsa zomwe zafotokozedwazo, zomwe zidapangitsa kulephera kapena kusakwanira kwa nyali zadzidzidzi zamoto m'malo ambiri. mapulojekiti, zomwe zimabweretsa ngozi ya "congenital" yamoto yobisika ya polojekitiyi.
Choncho, bungwe loyang'anira mapangidwe ndi bungwe loyang'anira moto liyenera kuyika kufunikira kwakukulu kwa mapangidwe a nyali zadzidzidzi zamoto, kukonzekera ogwira ntchito kuti alimbikitse maphunziro ndi kumvetsetsa kwatsatanetsatane, kulimbikitsa kulengeza ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa zomwe zafotokozedwazo, ndikuwongolera gawo lazongopeka.Pokhapokha pamene mapangidwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo kafukufukuyo akuyendetsedwa mosamalitsa tingathe kuonetsetsa kuti nyali zadzidzidzi zamoto zimagwira ntchito yawo pamoto.
2. Mphamvu yoperekera magetsi yamagetsi oyaka moto.
Ndime 11.1.4 ya malamulo omanga imanena kuti * * dera loperekera magetsi lidzakhazikitsidwa pazida zamagetsi zozimitsa moto.Pamene kupanga ndi magetsi apakhomo atsekedwa, magetsi ozimitsa moto adzakhalabe otsimikizika.
Pakalipano, nyali zadzidzidzi zamoto nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito njira ziwiri zoperekera mphamvu: imodzi ndi yodzilamulira yokha yomwe ili ndi mphamvu yakeyake.Ndiko kuti, magetsi abwinobwino amalumikizidwa ndi gawo lamagetsi lamagetsi la 220V, ndipo batire yadzidzidzi imayimbidwa nthawi wamba.
Mphamvu yanthawi zonse ikatha, magetsi oyimilira (batire) azipereka mphamvu zokha.Nyali yamtunduwu ili ndi ubwino wa ndalama zazing'ono komanso unsembe wabwino;Enawo ndi magetsi apakati komanso mtundu wapakati wowongolera.Ndiko kuti, palibe magetsi odziyimira pawokha mu nyali zadzidzidzi.Mphamvu yowunikira yamba ikatha, imayendetsedwa ndi dongosolo lapakati lamagetsi.Nyali yamtunduwu ndi yabwino kwa kasamalidwe kapakati ndipo ili ndi kudalirika kwadongosolo.Posankha njira yoperekera mphamvu ya nyali zowunikira mwadzidzidzi, zidzasankhidwa moyenerera malinga ndi momwe zilili.
Nthawi zambiri, kwa malo ang'onoang'ono ndi ntchito zokongoletsa zachiwiri, mtundu wodziyimira pawokha wokhala ndi mphamvu zake ukhoza kusankhidwa.Kwa mapulojekiti atsopano kapena mapulojekiti okhala ndi chipinda chowongolera moto, magetsi apakati ndi mtundu wapakati azisankhidwa momwe angathere.
Poyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira tsiku ndi tsiku, amapezeka kuti amagwiritsidwa ntchito mokhazikika pamagetsi odziyimira pawokha owongolera nyali zadzidzidzi.Nyali iliyonse mu mawonekedwe awa imakhala ndi zida zambiri zamagetsi monga kusinthika kwamagetsi, kukhazikika kwamagetsi, kuyendetsa, inverter ndi batri.Batire iyenera kulingidwa ndi kutulutsidwa pamene nyali yadzidzidzi ikugwiritsidwa ntchito, kukonza ndi kulephera.Mwachitsanzo, kuunikira wamba ndi nyali zadzidzidzi zamoto zimatengera dera lomwelo, kotero kuti nyali zadzidzidzi zamoto nthawi zambiri zimakhala pamalo owongolera ndikutulutsa, Zimayambitsa kutayika kwakukulu kwa batri, zimafulumizitsa kuchotsedwa kwa batire yadzidzidzi, komanso mozama. zimakhudza moyo wautumiki wa nyali.Poyang'anira malo ena, oyang'anira moto nthawi zambiri amapeza "chizolowezi" chozimitsa moto kuti dongosolo loyatsa mwadzidzidzi silingagwire ntchito moyenera, zomwe zambiri zimayamba chifukwa cha kulephera kwa magetsi oyendera magetsi oyaka moto.
Choncho, poyang'ana chithunzi cha magetsi, bungwe loyang'anira moto liyenera kuyang'anitsitsa kwambiri ngati dera loperekera mphamvu likuvomerezedwa kwa nyali zadzidzidzi zamoto.
3, Kuyika kwa mzere ndi kusankha kwa waya kwa nyali zadzidzidzi zamoto.
Ndime 11.1.6 ya malamulo omanga imanena kuti njira yogawa zida zamagetsi zozimitsa moto iyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira zamagetsi osalekeza pakakhala moto, ndipo kuyikika kwake kutsata izi:
1. Ngati kubisala kobisika, kumayikidwa kudzera mu chitoliro ndi mpangidwe wosayaka, ndipo makulidwe a chitetezo sichiyenera kukhala osachepera 3cm.Ngati kutsegulidwa kotseguka (kuphatikiza kuyika padenga), kumadutsa paipi yachitsulo kapena tsinde lachitsulo chotsekedwa, ndipo njira zotetezera moto ziyenera kuchitidwa;
2. Pamene zingwe zosagwira moto kapena zosagwira moto zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, njira zotetezera moto sizingatengedwe poyika zitsime za chingwe ndi ngalande za chingwe;
3. Pamene zingwe za mineral insulated incombustible zikugwiritsidwa ntchito, zimatha kuikidwa poyera;
4. Iyenera kuikidwa mosiyana ndi mizere ina yogawa;Ikaikidwa mu ngalande yomweyi, iyenera kukonzedwa mbali zonse za ngalandeyo motsatana.
Nyali zadzidzidzi zamoto zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pomanga nyumba, zomwe zimaphatikizapo mbali zonse za nyumbayo.Ngati payipi siiyikidwa, n'zosavuta kwambiri kuyambitsa dera lotseguka, dera lalifupi ndi kutuluka kwa mizere yamagetsi pamoto, zomwe sizidzangopangitsa kuti nyali zadzidzidzi zigwire ntchito yawo, komanso zimabweretsa masoka ena ndi ngozi.Nyali zadzidzidzi zokhala ndi magetsi apakati zimakhala ndi zofunikira zapamwamba pamzerewu, chifukwa magetsi a nyali zoterezi amalumikizidwa kuchokera pamzere waukulu wa bolodi yogawa.Malingana ngati gawo limodzi la mzere waukulu likuwonongeka kapena nyali ndizofupikitsidwa, nyali zonse zadzidzidzi pamzere wonse zidzawonongeka.
Poyang'anitsitsa moto ndi kuvomereza ntchito zina, nthawi zambiri zimapezeka kuti pamene mizere ya nyali zadzidzidzi zamoto zimabisika, makulidwe a chitetezo cha chitetezo sichingakwaniritse zofunikira, palibe njira zopewera moto zomwe zimatengedwa zikawululidwa, mawaya. gwiritsani ntchito mawaya am'chimake kapena mawaya a aluminiyamu pachimake, ndipo palibe ulusi wa chitoliro kapena tsinde lachitsulo lotsekedwa kuti mutetezedwe.Ngakhale ngati njira zodzitchinjiriza zamoto zimatengedwa, ma hoses, mabokosi ophatikizika ndi zolumikizira zomwe zimalowetsedwa mu nyali sizingatetezedwe bwino, kapena kuwululidwa kunja.Nyali zina zadzidzidzi zamoto zimalumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi socket ndi mzere wamba wowunikira kumbuyo kwa switch.Njira zosakhazikika zoyika mizere ndi kukhazikitsa nyalezi ndizofala pakukongoletsa ndi kumanganso malo ena ang'onoang'ono a anthu, ndipo kuvulaza komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha izi ndi koyipa kwambiri.
Chifukwa chake, tiyenera kutsatira mosamalitsa zofunikira ndi malamulo adziko, kulimbitsa chitetezo ndi kusankha kwa waya kwa mzere wogawira nyali zadzidzidzi, kugula ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu, mawaya ndi zingwe zomwe zimakwaniritsa miyezo yadziko, ndikuchita ntchito yabwino chitetezo cha moto cha mzere wogawa.
4, Kuchita bwino ndi masanjidwe a nyali zadzidzidzi zamoto.
Ndime 11.3.2 ya malamulo omanga imanena kuti kuyatsa kwa nyali zoyatsira moto m'nyumba zikuyenera kukwaniritsa izi:
1. Kuunikira kwapansi panjira yotulutsirako sikuyenera kuchepera 0.5lx;
2. Kuunikira kwapansi pamlingo wocheperako m'malo okhala anthu ambiri sikuyenera kuchepera 1LX;
3. Kuwala kwapansi pamtunda wa masitepe sikuyenera kukhala osachepera 5lx;
4. Kuunikira kwadzidzidzi kwachipinda chowongolera moto, chipinda chopopera moto, chipinda chopangira jenereta, chipinda chogawa magetsi, chowongolera utsi ndi chipinda chotulutsa utsi ndi zipinda zina zomwe zimayenera kugwirabe ntchito nthawi zonse zikayaka moto zidzatsimikizira kuwunikira kwanthawi zonse. kuyatsa.
Ndime 11.3.3 ya malamulo omanga imanena kuti nyali zadzidzidzi zamoto ziyenera kuikidwa pamwamba pa khoma, padenga kapena pamwamba pa kutuluka.
Ndime 11.3.4 ya malamulo omanga imanena kuti kuyika kwazizindikiro zotulutsira kuwala kumagwirizana ndi izi:
1. "Kutuluka mwadzidzidzi" kudzagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chizindikiro pamwamba pa khomo lotulukira mwadzidzidzi ndi khomo lotulutsiramo;
2. Zizindikiro zotulutsirako zopepuka zoyikidwa panjira yotulutsiramo zikhazikike pakhoma pansi pa 1m kuchokera pansi panjira yotulutsiramo ndi ngodya yake, ndipo masinthidwe azizindikiro zotulutsirako kuwala asapitirire 20m.Panjira ya thumba, siyenera kupitirira 10m, ndipo pakona ya njira yoyendamo, siyenera kupitirira 1m.Nyali zachizindikiro chadzidzidzi zomwe zayikidwa pansi ziyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti muyang'ane mosalekeza ndipo kutalikirana sikuyenera kupitirira 5m.
Pakalipano, mavuto asanu otsatirawa nthawi zambiri amawoneka mwaluso ndi masanjidwe a nyali zadzidzidzi zamoto: choyamba, nyali zadzidzidzi zamoto ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa m'zigawo zofunikira sizinakhazikitsidwe;Chachiwiri, malo a nyali zoyatsira moto mwadzidzidzi ndi otsika kwambiri, chiwerengerocho sichikwanira, ndipo kuunikirako sikungathe kukwaniritsa zofunikira;Chachitatu, nyali zadzidzidzi zamoto zomwe zimayikidwa panjira yothamangitsira sizimayikidwa pakhoma pansi pa 1m, malo oyikapo ndi okwera kwambiri, ndipo malowa ndi aakulu kwambiri, omwe amaposa mtunda wa 20m wofunikira ndi ndondomekoyi, makamaka mumsewu wa thumba. ndi malo a ngodya yoyendamo, kuchuluka kwa nyali sikukwanira ndipo malo ake ndi aakulu kwambiri;Chachinayi, chizindikiro chadzidzidzi chamoto chimasonyeza njira yolakwika ndipo sichingaloze molondola kumene akuchokera;Chachisanu, kuunikira pansi kapena kuwala yosungirako kusamutsidwa zizindikiro zizindikiro sayenera kukhazikitsidwa, kapena ngakhale aikidwa, iwo sangakhoze kuonetsetsa kuti zithunzi mosalekeza.
Pofuna kupewa kukhalapo kwa mavuto omwe ali pamwambawa, bungwe loyang'anira moto liyenera kulimbikitsa kuyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira malo omanga, kupeza mavuto mu nthawi ndikusiya kumanga kosaloledwa.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, m'pofunika kufufuza mosamalitsa kuvomereza kuti zitsimikizire kuti mphamvu za nyali zadzidzidzi zamoto zimakwaniritsa zofunikira ndipo zimakonzedwa m'malo mwake.
5, Product khalidwe la nyali moto mwadzidzidzi.
Mu 2007, chigawochi chimayang'anira ndikuwunika mwachisawawa pazinthu zozimitsa moto.Magulu onse a 19 azinthu zozimitsa moto zadzidzidzi anasankhidwa, ndipo magulu a 4 okha azinthu anali oyenerera, ndipo sampuli yoyenerera inali 21% yokha.Zotsatira za cheke zikuwonetsa kuti zida zowunikira moto mwadzidzidzi zimakhala ndi zovuta zotsatirazi: choyamba, kugwiritsa ntchito mabatire sikukwaniritsa zofunikira.Mwachitsanzo: batire la lead-acid, atatu opanda mabatire kapena osagwirizana ndi batire yoyendera satifiketi;Chachiwiri, mphamvu ya batri ndi yochepa ndipo nthawi yadzidzidzi siili yoyenera;Chachitatu, mabwalo oteteza kutulutsa kopitilira muyeso komanso chitetezo chopitilira muyeso samasewera gawo lawo.Izi zili choncho makamaka chifukwa opanga ena amasintha mabwalo azinthu zomwe zimamalizidwa popanda chilolezo kuti achepetse ndalama, komanso kupeputsa kapena kusakhazikitsa mabwalo oteteza kutulutsa komanso kupitilira mtengo;Chachinayi, kuwala kwapamtunda muzochitika zadzidzidzi sikungathe kukwaniritsa zofunikira, kuwalako sikuli kofanana, ndipo kusiyana kwake ndi kwakukulu kwambiri.
Miyezo ya dziko lonse zizindikiro za chitetezo cha moto gb13495 ndi nyali zadzidzidzi zamoto GB17945 zapanga ndondomeko zomveka bwino pazigawo zaumisiri, chigawo cha ntchito, ndondomeko ndi zitsanzo za nyali zadzidzidzi zamoto.Pakalipano, nyali zina zadzidzidzi zamoto zomwe zimapangidwa ndikugulitsidwa pamsika sizikukwaniritsa zofunikira za msika ndipo sizinapeze lipoti loyendera mtundu wa dziko.Zogulitsa zina sizimakwaniritsa miyezo malinga ndi kusasinthika kwazinthu ndipo zina zimalephera kuyeserera magwiridwe antchito.Opanga ena osaloledwa, ogulitsa ngakhalenso malipoti oyendera zabodza amatulutsa ndikugulitsa zinthu zabodza kapena zosokonekera, zomwe zimasokoneza kwambiri msika wazozimitsa moto.
Chifukwa chake, bungwe loyang'anira moto liyenera, molingana ndi zomwe zili mulamulo loteteza moto ndi malamulo amtundu wazinthu, kulimbikitsa kuyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira mwachisawawa zamtundu wamtundu wa nyali zadzidzidzi zamoto, kufufuza mozama ndikuthana ndi machitidwe osagwirizana ndi kupanga ndi malonda. kudzera pakuwunika kwachisawawa kwa msika ndikuwunika pamalopo, kuti ayeretse msika wazozimitsa moto.
Nthawi yotumiza: Mar-19-2022
